In re Roundup Products Liability Litigation — Entry #22751: MOTION for Leave to File Amicus Brief filed by CropLife America

Case 3:16-md-02741-VC    Document 22751-1 Filed 10/30/26      Page 1 of 27
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 1   STEPTOE LLP                              STEPTOE LLP
 2
     Melanie A. Ayerh, SBN 303211             Anthony Hopp, Illinois SBN: 6199290
     mayerh@steptoe.com                       Christopher L. Yeatman. Illinois SBN:
 3   633 West Fifth Street, Suite 1900        6342980
     Los Angeles, California 90071            Pro Hac Vice Anticipated
 4   Telephone: (213) 439-9432                ahopp@steptoe.com
 5   Facsimile: (213) 439-9599                cyeatman@steptoe.com
                                              227 West Monroe St., Suite 4700
 6   STEPTOE LLP                              Chicago, Illinois 60606
     Shannen W. Coffin, DC Bar #449197        Telephone: (312) 577-1300
 7   Michael Boucher, DC Bar #453008          Facsimile: (312) 577-1370
 8   Pro Hac Vice Anticipated
     scoffin@steptoe.com
 9   mboucher@steptoe.com
10
     1330 Connecticut Ave., N.W.
     Washington, D.C. 20036
11   Telephone: (202) 429-3000
     Facsimile: (202) 429-3902
12
13   Counsel for Amicus Curiae CropLife
     America
14
15                        UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
16                     NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
17
18   IN RE: ROUNDUP PRODUCTS              )     Case No.: 3:16-md-02741-vc
                                          )
19   LIABILITY LITIGATION                 )     MDL No. 2741
                                          )
20                                        )     CROPLIFE AMERICA’S BRIEF
21   This document relates to:            )     OF AMICUS CURIAE IN
                                          )     SUPPORT OF DEFEFNDANT’S
22   All Category One cases               )     MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY
                                          )
23                                        )     JUDGMENT
                                          )
24                                        )     Hearing Date: November 16, 2026
                                          )
25                                        )     Time: 1:00 p.m. PT
                                          )     Place: Courtroom 3, 450 Golden
26                                        )            Gate Ave.,
                                          )            17th Floor, San Francisco,
27                                        )
                                          )            CA 94102
28


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                      BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE CROPLIFE AMERICA
                              CASE NO. 3:16-MDL-02741-VC


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 1                                                      TABLE OF CONTENTS
 2   INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ............................................................................................... 8
 3   SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ...................................................................................................... 8
 4
     BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 10
 5
     I.        FIFRA Overview .............................................................................................................. 10
 6
     II.       EPA’s Review of Glyphosate-Based Products ................................................................. 13
 7
     ARGUMENT ................................................................................................................................ 17
 8
 9   I.        Plaintiffs’ Claims are Preempted to the Extent They Rely on a Failure-to-Warn Legal
               Theory. .............................................................................................................................. 17
10
               A.         Plaintiffs’ Negligence Claims Impose Labeling Requirements in Addition to or
11                        Different From EPA’s and Are Therefore Preempted. ......................................... 19
12
               B.         Plaintiffs’ Design Defect Claims Impose Labeling Requirements in Addition to or
13                        Different From EPA’s and Are Therefore Preempted. ......................................... 19

14             C.         Plaintiffs’ Warranty Claims Impose Labeling Requirements In Addition to or
                          Different From EPA’s and are Therefore Preempted. .......................................... 21
15
16   II.       Durnell Applies to All FIFRA “Labeling,” Not Merely the Container “Label.” .............. 22

17   III.      To the Extent Plaintiffs Assert “Genuine” Design Defect Claims, They are Impliedly
               Preempted. ........................................................................................................................ 24
18
               A.         Plaintiffs’ Design Defect Claims are Preempted Because They Would Effectively
19                        Require Manufacturers to Withdraw from the Pesticide Market. ......................... 24
20
               B.         Plaintiffs’ Design Defect Claims are Impliedly Preempted Because They Disrupt
21                        the Regulatory Scheme for Pesticides Envisioned by Congress. .......................... 25
22   CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 26
23
24
25
26
27
28


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 1                                                 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
 2   Cases                                                                                                                         Page(s)
 3   Aubin v. Union Carbide Corp.,
 4      177 So. 3d 489 (Fla. 2015).......................................................................................................20

 5   Banks v. ICI Ams., Inc.,
        450 S.E.2d 671 (Ga. 1994).......................................................................................................20
 6
     Bates v. Dow Agrosciences LLC,
 7      544 U.S. 431 (2005) .................................................................................................................18
 8
     Crosby v. Nat’l Foreign Trade Council,
 9      530 U.S. 363 (2000) .................................................................................................................25
10   Durkee v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc.,
        765 F. Supp. 2d 742 (W.D.N.C. 2011) ....................................................................................19
11
12   Elliott v. El Paso Corp.,
         181 So. 3d 263 (Miss. 2015) ....................................................................................................20
13
     Geier v. Am. Honda Motor Co.,
14      529 U.S. 861 (2000) .................................................................................................................26
15
     Jarman v. United Indus. Corp.,
16      98 F. Supp. 2d 757 (S.D. Miss. 2000)......................................................................................21

17   Jenkins v. James B. Day & Co.,
        69 Ohio St.3d 541 (1994).........................................................................................................22
18
19   Jones v. Rath Packing Co.,
        430 U.S. 519 (1977) .................................................................................................................10
20
     Lowe v. Sporicidin Int'l,
21      47 F.3d 124 (4th Cir. 1995) .....................................................................................................22
22
     Marzullo v. Crosman Corp.,
23     289 F. Supp. 2d 1337 (M.D. Fla. 2003) ...................................................................................19

24   McSwain v. Sunrise Med., Inc.,
       689 F. Supp. 2d 835 (S.D. Miss. 2010)....................................................................................19
25
26   Monsanto Co. v. Durnell,
       609 U.S. 371 (2026) ......................................................................................................... passim
27
     Mut. Pharm. Co. v. Bartlett,
28      570 U.S. 472 (2013) .....................................................................................................23, 24, 25

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 1   Nat. Res. Def. Council v. EPA,
        38 F.4th 34 (9th Cir. 2022) ......................................................................................................17
 2
     Oken v. Monsanto Co.,
 3
        218 F. Supp. 2d 1361 (S.D. Fla.2002) .....................................................................................20
 4
     Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy Res. Conservation & Dev. Comm’n,
 5      461 U.S. 190 (1983) .................................................................................................................24
 6   Papas v. Upjohn Co.,
 7      985 F. 2d 516 (11th Cir. 1993) ......................................................................................21, 22, 23

 8   Papike v. Tambrands Inc.,
        107 F.3d 737 (9th Cir. 1997) ...................................................................................................20
 9
     Rheinfrank v. Abbott Lab'ys, Inc.,
10
        119 F. Supp. 3d 749 (S.D. Ohio 2015), aff’d, 680 F. App'x 369 (6th Cir. 2017) ....................19
11
     Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co.,
12      467 U.S. 987 (1984) .................................................................................................................10
13   Schaffner v. Monsanto Corp.,
14      113 F.4th 385 (3d Cir. 2024) ...................................................................................................13

15   Sparks v. Oxy-Health LLC,
        134 F. Supp. 3d 961 (E.D.N.C. 2015)......................................................................................20
16
     Wheeler v. Novartis Pharms. Corp.,
17
       944 F. Supp. 2d 1344 (S.D. Ga. 2013) .....................................................................................19
18
     Williamson v. Mazda Motor of Am., Inc.,
19      562 U.S. 323 (2011) .................................................................................................................26
20   Zang v. Cones,
21      34 N.E.3d 955 (Ohio App. 2015).............................................................................................20

22   Statutes

23   7 U.S.C. § 136 et seq........................................................................................................................8
24   7 U.S.C. § 136(bb) .....................................................................................................................8, 11
25
     7 U.S.C. § 136(p)(1) ................................................................................................................11, 22
26
     7 U.S.C. § 136(q) .....................................................................................................................12, 22
27
     7 U.S.C. § 136(u) ...........................................................................................................................10
28
     7 U.S.C. § 136a ..............................................................................................................8, 10, 11, 14
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 1   7 U.S.C. § 136d ..............................................................................................................................26
 2   7 U.S.C. § 136j.........................................................................................................................13, 23
 3   7 U.S.C. § 136v ........................................................................................................9, 10, 18, 19, 26
 4
     Other Authorities
 5
     40 C.F.R. pt. 158 ............................................................................................................................14
 6
     40 C.F.R. § 152.5(c).......................................................................................................................10
 7
 8   40 C.F.R. § 152.44 ...................................................................................................................13, 24

 9   40 C.F.R. § 152.112(f) ...................................................................................................................13

10   40 C.F.R. §§ 155.40-155.58 ...........................................................................................................11
11   40 C.F.R. § 155.50 .........................................................................................................................11
12
     40 C.F.R. § 155.58(b)(4) ................................................................................................................11
13
     40 C.F.R. § 156.10 ...................................................................................................................12, 13
14
     40 C.F.R. § 156.62 .........................................................................................................................12
15
16   40 C.F.R. § 156.64 .........................................................................................................................12

17   40 C.F.R. § 156.68 .........................................................................................................................12

18   40 C.F.R. §§ 156.70-156.78 ...........................................................................................................12
19   40 C.F.R. §§ 156.80-156.85 ...........................................................................................................12
20
     40 C.F.R. § 156.140 .......................................................................................................................13
21
     40 C.F.R. § 156.144 .......................................................................................................................13
22
     40 C.F.R. § 156.146 .......................................................................................................................13
23
     40 C.F.R. § 156.156 .......................................................................................................................13
24
25   40 C.F.R. § 158.130 .......................................................................................................................15

26   40 C.F.R. § 158.500(d) ..................................................................................................................14

27   40 C.F.R. § 158.500(e)(19) ............................................................................................................14
28   40 C.F.R. §§ 158.1000–1070 .........................................................................................................14

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 1   40 C.F.R. § 168.22 .........................................................................................................................23
 2   Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide
        Tolerances, 62 Fed. Reg. 17,723
 3
        (Apr. 11, 1997) .........................................................................................................................15
 4
     Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide
 5      Tolerances,67 Fed. Reg. 60,934
        (Sept. 27, 2002) ........................................................................................................................15
 6
 7   Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide
        Tolerances,73 Fed. Reg. 73,5869
 8      (Dec. 3, 2008) ..........................................................................................................................15
 9   EPA Materials
10
     Glyphosate: Draft Human Health Risk Assessment in Support of Registration
11      Review, Case No. 0178 (Dec. 12, 2017),
        https://www.regulationsgov/document/EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0361-0068 ................................16
12
     Glyphosate: Interim Registration Review Decision, Case No. 0178 (Jan. 2020)
13      https://tinyurl.com/2s9ht99v ....................................................................................................17
14
     Glyphosate: Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision, Case No. 0178
15      (Apr. 2019), https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-
        0361-2344 ................................................................................................................................16
16
17   Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (Mar. 2005),
        https://perma.cc/86MQ-MG3W ...............................................................................................14
18
     Letter to Glyphosate Registrants on California Proposition 65 (Aug. 7, 2019),
19       https://tinyurl.com/53eb7685 .............................................................................................16, 17
20   Office of Pesticide Programs, Pesticide Registration Notice 98-10: Notifications,
21      Non-Notifications and Minor Formulation Amendments (Oct. 22, 1998),
        https://tinyurl.com/mtycc4b .....................................................................................................13
22
     Office of Pesticide Programs, Revised Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of
23      Carcinogenic Potential (Dec. 12, 2017), https://tinyurl.com/56xb5bed ............................15, 16
24
     Pesticide Registration Manual: Introduction,
25      https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-08/pesticide-registration-
        manual-introduction.pdf...........................................................................................................14
26
     Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Glyphosate (Sept. 1993) ............................................15
27
28   EPA, R.E.D. Facts, Glyphosate (Sept. 1993), https://tinyurl.com/4rpwv9bz ................................15


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 1   Ingredients Used in Pesticide Products: Glyphosate,
        https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate....................................15
 2
     “Cost Estimates of Studies Required for Pesticide Registration,” April 2025 ................................8
 3
 4   “Introduction to Pesticide Labels” (April 2025) ............................................................................11

 5   Publications
 6   AgbioInvestor, “Time and Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery,
 7      Development, and Registration,” A Study on Behalf of Crop Life International
        (Feb. 2024) .................................................................................................................................8
 8
     Other Authorities
 9
     European Chemicals Agency, Glyphosate: no change proposed to hazard
10      classification (May 30, 2022) ..................................................................................................17
11
     European Food Safety Authority, Glyphosate: no critical areas of concern; data
12      gaps identified (July 6, 2023)...................................................................................................17
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28


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                                    BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE CROPLIFE AMERICA
                                            CASE NO. 3:16-MDL-02741-VC


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 1                                 INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE
 2          CropLife America respectfully files brief amicus curiae in response to this Court’s
 3   invitation for briefing addressing the scope of federal preemption on various state tort claims. See
 4   Dkt. 22732. Established in 1933, CropLife America is the national trade association for the
 5   pesticide industry, representing developers, manufacturers, formulators, and distributors of
 6   pesticides and plant science solutions. CropLife America’s member companies produce, sell, and
 7   distribute pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, which American farmers
 8   use to provide consumers with abundant food, fuel, and fiber. CropLife America is committed to
 9   safe and responsible use of the industry’s products.1
10          CropLife America submits that this Court will benefit from its members’ substantial
11   experience in the realm of federal and state pesticide regulation and their understanding of Federal
12   Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (“FIFRA”), which broadly preempts state laws that
13   prescribe requirements different from or in addition to federal labeling and packaging
14   requirements.   See 7 U.S.C. § 136v(b).        EPA’s review process has resulted in repeated
15   determinations that glyphosate-based pesticides are unlikely to cause cancer and that a cancer
16   warning should not be included on the product labels. EPA’s labeling determination, made as part
17   of pesticide registration and registration review, controls and preempts the various tort claims
18   with respect to which this Court has sought amicus briefing.
19                                   SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
20          FIFRA preempts any state law requirements that seek to vary pesticides’ EPA-approved
21   labeling or formulation, especially when, as is the case for the glyphosate-based products at issue
22   in this proceeding, EPA has carefully reviewed the science and determined that the products
23   “when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice [] will not
24   generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment,” including “any unreasonable
25
26      1
          No counsel for any party authored this brief in whole or in part, nor did such counsel, any
27   party, or other person other than amicus curiae, its members, and its counsel make monetary
     contributions intended to fund the brief’s preparation. Monsanto Company’s (“Monsanto”)
28   parent company, Bayer Corp., is a member of CropLife America and pays member dues but did
     not contribute any money specifically intended to fund preparation or submission of this brief.
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 1   risk to man[.]” 7 U.S.C. § 136a(c)(5)(D); 7 U.S.C. § 136(bb). In Monsanto Co. v. Durnell, the
 2   Supreme Court held that a lay jury cannot subject a registrant to tort liability under state law for
 3   not including a health and safety warning on its label where, as here, EPA has affirmatively
 4   declined to include the warning as part of its federal regulation of that pesticide label. 609 U.S.
 5   371 (2026).
 6          Durnell’s reasoning applies more broadly, however, to preclude state tort claims that
 7   would functionally require manufacturers to change the formulation of a registered and EPA-
 8   approved product and/or restrict product-related statements that are consistent with the EPA-
 9   approved labeling. Durnell confirms that FIFRA preemption extends to any state-law claim
10   seeking to impose a duty on the pesticide manufacturer that would require it to depart from EPA-
11   approved labeling. As applied here, Plaintiffs’ negligence, design defect, and warranty claims
12   therefore are expressly preempted to the extent they rest on Monsanto’s alleged failure to provide
13   a cancer warning. That conclusion applies to all FIFRA “labeling,” not merely the physical label
14   attached to a pesticide container. Plaintiffs cannot evade preemption by demanding the same
15   cancer warning in accompanying or referenced materials. Nor may they recast that theory as a
16   challenge to advertising or promotional statements where the demanded statements would conflict
17   with claims EPA approved in connection with a pesticide’s registration.
18          The preemption hurdles faced by the MDL Plaintiffs go well beyond the express
19   preemption issue explicitly decided in Durnell. To the extent Plaintiffs’ claims challenge
20   Roundup®’s formulation, those claims are also impliedly preempted. A state-law duty requiring
21   Monsanto to alter Roundup®’s EPA-approved formulation would obstruct FIFRA’s uniform
22   regulatory framework and conflict with a pesticide manufacturers’ obligations under FIFRA,
23   effectively compelling Monsanto to withdraw the product from the market to avoid state tort
24   liability—as it has already done with consumer applications. But state law liability cannot flow
25   from a pesticide manufacturer’s compliance with EPA’s decisions to grant a pesticide registration
26   and the pesticide label that accompanies it.
27          Allowing juries to override EPA’s expert determinations would expose manufacturers to
28   massive liability for complying with federal requirements, threaten beneficial pesticide uses, and


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 1   replace nationwide uniformity with conflicting state mandates. FIFRA’s preemption clause
 2   expressly preempts “any state tort claim” that would require a pesticide manufacturer to use
 3   labeling different from or in addition to the EPA-approved labeling. Durnell, 609 U.S. at 390-91.
 4   The various state tort claims advanced by the Plaintiffs here—specifically, their negligence,
 5   design defect, and breach of express and implied warranty claims—seek that outcome. The Court
 6   should grant Monsanto summary judgment on all such claims.
 7                                           BACKGROUND
 8   I.      FIFRA Overview
 9           State law is expressly preempted when Congress “has prohibited state regulation of the
10   particular aspects of commerce involved in this case.” Jones v. Rath Packing Co., 430 U.S. 519,
11   525 (1977). FIFRA, the “comprehensive regulatory statute” governing the sale, use, and labeling
12   of “pesticides,” Ruckelshaus v. Monsanto Co., 467 U.S. 987, 991 (1984), does just that. Congress
13   included a “Uniformity” provision in the statute, expressly providing that a State “shall not
14   impose or continue in effect any requirements for labeling or packaging in addition to or different
15   from those required under” the statute. 7 U.S.C. § 136v(b). This express preemption provision
16   protects “EPA’s comprehensive and exclusive authority in registering pesticides and approving
17   labels.” Durnell, 609 U.S. at 380.
18           FIFRA prohibits the sale of “any pesticide that is not registered.” 7 U.S.C. § 136a(a).2
19   EPA “shall register a pesticide” only if it determines that, “when considered with any restrictions
20   imposed,” the pesticide meets four general requirements: 1) its composition is such as to warrant
21   the proposed claims for it; 2) its labeling complies with FIFRA’s requirements; 3) it will perform
22   its intended function without unreasonable adverse effects on the environment; and 4) when used
23   in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice it will not generally cause
24   unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. 7 U.S.C. § 136a(c)(5).
25
26
          2 FIFRA defines “pesticide” to include “any substance or mixture of substances intended for
27
     preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest” (7 U.S.C. § 136(u)) and encompasses
28   glyphosate-based herbicides. See 40 C.F.R. § 152.5(c) (defining “pest” to include “any plant
     growing where not wanted”).
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 1          FIFRA defines “unreasonable adverse effects on the environment” to mean “any
 2   unreasonable risk to man or the environment,” a calculus that requires EPA to balance the
 3   “economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of any pesticide.” Id. §
 4   136(bb). It also includes consideration of any “human dietary risk from residues that result from
 5   a use of a pesticide” on food inconsistent with Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act safety
 6   standards. Id.
 7          After a pesticide is registered, FIFRA requires EPA to conduct a registration review every
 8   15 years to determine whether the pesticide continues to satisfy registration standards. See
 9   7 U.S.C. § 136a(g); 40 C.F.R. §§ 155.40-155.58. This process involves an up-to-date review of
10   the relevant science under notice-and-comment procedures. See 40 C.F.R. §§ 155.50(b), (c); see
11   also 40 C.F.R. § 155.58(b)(4) (requiring EPA to specify proposed labeling changes as part of
12   registration review).
13          The label attached to a pesticide product, other written, printed, or graphic matter
14   accompanying the product, and materials referenced on the label or in accompanying literature—
15   all of which can qualify as “labeling”—are a central focus of EPA’s registration and registration
16   review processes.3 FIFRA and its implementing regulations require EPA to review and approve
17   the pesticide label, including necessary human health and safety warnings, and generally prohibit
18   any change to that label without EPA approval. See Durnell, 609 U.S. at 377-78, 390-91. Once
19   approved by EPA, the “label is the law.”4
20          EPA reviews a pesticide label to ensure that, among other things, it contains warnings and
21   cautionary statements “adequate to protect health and the environment,” and that the overall
22
23
        3 Though the terms are closely related, FIFRA separately defines the “label” and “labeling.”
24   “The term ‘label’ means the written, printed or graphic matter on, or attached to, the pesticide or
     device or any of its containers or wrappers.” 7 U.S.C. § 136(p)(1). A pesticide label is a subset of
25
     the overall product “labeling”: “The term ‘labeling’ means all labels and all other written, printed
26   or graphic matter (A) accompanying the pesticide or device at any time; or (B) to which reference
     is made on the label or in literature accompanying the pesticide or device, except to certain official
27   publications. Id. at § 136(p)(2).
        4
28         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Introduction to Pesticide Labels” (April 2025),
     https://tinyurl.com/5n8kdeh2.
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 1   labeling does not contain any “statement, design, or graphic representation relative thereto or to
 2   its ingredients which is false or misleading.” 7 U.S.C. §§ 136(q)(1)(A), (G). For example, if a
 3   label refers to a manual on how to apply the pesticide, that manual is also labeling that the user
 4   must follow and EPA must approve.5
 5            “Pesticide product labels provide critical information about how to safely and legally
 6   handle and apply pesticides.” EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Label Review Manual 1-2.6 A
 7   “critical function of the label is to translate the results of the science evaluations into a set of
 8   conditions, directions, precautions, and restrictions that define who may use a pesticide, as well
 9   as where, how, how much, and how often it may be used.” Id. The accuracy of the label is “vital”
10   to EPA’s (and other governmental agencies’) management and mitigation of pesticide risks; to
11   these agencies’ enforcement of pesticide production, distribution, sale, and use requirements; to
12   registrants, including manufacturers and distributors; to applicators, who rely on the label for use
13   instructions and hazard and safety information; and to the general public. Id.
14            EPA’s regulations govern not only the size, format, and location of the label but also its
15   contents. See, e.g., 40 C.F.R. § 156.10. Pesticide labels convey information such as application
16   rates, application intervals, and required personal protective equipment. Many other details are
17   required, such as the product’s contents, the sites of application, the target pests, and application
18   methods.
19            The label also contains important health and safety information, such as the applicable
20   acute toxicity category and associated signal word determined by EPA (see 40 C.F.R. §§ 156.62,
21   156.64) and hazard and precautionary statements for humans and domestic animals (40 C.F.R. §§
22   156.70-156.78) and for the environment, including non-target organisms (40 C.F.R. §§ 156.80-
23   156.85). Hazard and precautionary statements for humans and domestic animals include
24   information on first aid, in case of unintended exposure to the pesticide. See 40 C.F.R. § 156.68.
25   The label must also include directions for storage, residue removal, and disposal of the pesticide
26
27
        5
28          https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-labels/label-review-training-module-1-label-basics-page-3.
        6
            https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/202412/label_review_manual_12122024.pdf.
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 1   and its container (see, e.g., 40 C.F.R. §§ 156.140, 156.144, 156.146, 156.156). EPA will not
 2   approve a proposed label or grant a registration if the label is missing any required information.
 3   e.g., 40 C.F.R. §§ 156.10(a)(1), 152.112(f).
 4             FIFRA prohibits distributing or selling a misbranded pesticide. A pesticide may be
 5   misbranded if its labeling bears false or misleading statements, if its label omits necessary
 6   warnings, or if required label or labeling information is not prominently placed. 7 U.S.C.
 7   §§ 136j(a)(1)(E), 136j(a)(2)(A), 136(q)(1)(A), (E), (G). EPA’s regulations generally require
 8   amended registration (subject to EPA approval) before a registrant may distribute or sell a product
 9   with a label different from that approved by EPA. See generally, Durnell, 609 U.S. at 383-86.
10   Distributing or selling a misbranded pesticide may result in civil or criminal penalties as well as
11   stop sale, use, and removal orders and seizure. Durnell, 609 U.S. at 378 (citing 7 U.S.C. §§
12   136J(A)(1)(e), 136l).
13             With narrow exceptions for certain “minor” modifications, once the label is approved as
14   part of pesticide registration, “any modification in the . . . labeling . . . of a registered product
15   must be submitted with an application for amended registration . . . [and such] application must
16   be approved by the Agency before the product, as modified, may legally be distributed or sold.”
17   40 C.F.R. §§ 152.44(a), (c). Changes in precautionary statements are not “minor modifications”
18   and must be approved in advance by EPA.7 See Durnell, 609 U.S. at 405 n.5; Schaffner v.
19   Monsanto Corp., 113 F.4th 385, 384 n.11 (3d Cir. 2024).
20   II.       EPA’s Review of Glyphosate-Based Products
21             EPA approves a pesticide label only after exhaustive review of the best available science
22   relating to the pesticide’s effects on safety and human health. EPA’s Pesticide Registration
23   Manual explains that “[b]efore any pesticide product that EPA has not exempted from registration
24
25
26
27         7
          EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Pesticide Registration Notice 98-10: Notifications, Non-
28   Notifications and Minor Formulation Amendments at 8 (Oct. 22, 1998),
     https://tinyurl.com/mtycc4bp.
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 1   requirements can be lawfully sold or distributed, EPA performs a rigorous, comprehensive
 2   scientific assessment of the product, resulting in a registration decision.”8
 3            FIFRA and its implementing regulations require registrants to provide substantial
 4   scientific data to support a pesticide’s safety and health effects. 7 U.S.C. §§ 136a(c)(1)(F),
 5   (c)(2)(A); 40 C.F.R. § 158.500(d) (toxicology data requirements); see generally 40 C.F.R. pt. 158.
 6   There are substantial data requirements addressing the toxicology of the pesticide, including
 7   studies relating to the likelihood that a particular pesticide could cause cancer in laboratory
 8   rodents. 40 C.F.R. § 158.500(d). EPA regulations require registrants to satisfy data requirements
 9   covering a broad range of additional topics, such as: the physical and chemical makeup of the
10   pesticide; the acute, sub-chronic, and chronic toxicity of the pesticide; the effect of the pesticide
11   on various plants and animals; and the degree to which humans will be exposed to the pesticide
12   during its intended use. See, e.g., 40 C.F.R. pt. 158.
13            EPA “requires robust evidence of a pesticide's potential carcinogenicity as a part of
14   registration,” Durnell, 609 U.S. at 405 n.5, and uses registration data to identify the potential for
15   various adverse effects such as neurotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity,
16   immunotoxicity, and as relevant here, cancer. E.g., 40 C.F.R. § 158.500(e)(19) (prescribing
17   minimum acceptable study durations for studies that combine chronic oral toxicity and
18   carcinogenicity); 40 C.F.R. §§ 158.1000–1070 (testing for human exposure); see also, e.g., EPA
19   Health Effects Test Guideline 870.4200 (Carcinogenicity);9 EPA, Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk
20   Assessment (Mar. 2005).10 EPA develops dose-response assessments (determining the
21   relationship between the dose and potential toxic effects) for a wide variety of species (e.g.,
22   humans to fish) and a wide variety of potential responses (e.g., acute effects on skin or eyes,
23
24
25
        8
                See      EPA         Pesticide     Registration       Manual:       Introduction,
26   https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-08/pesticide-registration-manual-
27   introduction.pdf.
        9
28          See https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0156-0020.
        10
             See https://perma.cc/86MQ-MG3W.
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 1   chronic neurological or reproductive effects, and carcinogenicity). E.g., 40 C.F.R. § 158.130
 2   (“Purposes of the registration data requirements”).
 3            In light of these rigorous standards, EPA’s decision not to require a cancer warning for
 4   glyphosate-based pesticides was no accident. It was the result of decades of evaluation of the
 5   relevant scientific evidence. The approved label reflects EPA’s repeated conclusion that
 6   glyphosate-based pesticides are not likely to be carcinogenic to humans. EPA issued its initial
 7   glyphosate registration in 1974 and issued a Reregistration Eligibility Decision for the active
 8   ingredient glyphosate in 1993 after a thorough examination of the underlying data.11 In more than
 9   50 years since the original registration, EPA has concluded again and again that glyphosate does
10   not pose a cancer risk to humans.
11            Acting on the recommendation of a scientific peer review committee in the early 1990s,
12   EPA found “evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans.”12 The Agency reiterated that finding
13   in a formal rule in 1997 and again in subsequent rulemakings.13
14            In 2009, EPA opened its most recent registration review, which has entailed an extensive
15   review of glyphosate’s environmental safety and toxicology data after numerous rounds of public
16   notice and comment. After review by both EPA’s Cancer Assessment Review Committee and a
17   Scientific Advisory Panel, EPA published a Revised Glyphosate Issue Paper evaluating the
18   pesticide’s carcinogenic potential.14 This extensive review of “new science” included assessment
19   of “63 epidemiological studies, 14 animal carcinogenicity studies, and nearly 90 genotoxicity
20   studies for the active ingredient glyphosate.”15 EPA concluded that “available data and weight-
21
22      11
                See    EPA,    Ingredients    Used     in     Pesticide     Products:   Glyphosate,
     https://www.epa.gov/ingredients-used-pesticide-products/glyphosate; EPA, Reregistration
23
     Eligibility Decision (RED): Glyphosate (Sept. 1993), https://tinyurl.com/4rewtdnp.
24      12
             See EPA, R.E.D. Facts, Glyphosate, at 2 (Sept. 1993), https://tinyurl.com/4rpwv9bz.
25      13
           Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerances, 62 Fed. Reg. 17,723, 17,724 (Apr. 11, 1997);
     see also Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerances, 67 Fed. Reg. 60,934, 60,936 (Sept. 27,
26   2002); Final Rule: Glyphosate; Pesticide Tolerances, 73 Fed. Reg. 73,586, 73,589 (Dec. 3, 2008).
27      14
           See EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Revised Glyphosate Issue Paper: Evaluation of
28   Carcinogenic Potential (Dec. 12, 2017), https://tinyurl.com/56xb5bed.
        15
             Id. at 144.
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 1   of-evidence clearly do not support the descriptors ‘carcinogenic to humans’” or “‘likely to be
 2   carcinogenic to humans.’”16 Instead, the scientific evidence most strongly supports the description
 3   “not likely to be carcinogenic to humans.”17 Durnell, 609 U.S. at 371.
 4            Notably, EPA concluded this assessment after the International Agency for Research of
 5   Cancer (IARC) announced its view, upon which glyphosate plaintiffs nationwide base their
 6   claims, that glyphosate was a probable carcinogen. Id. at 379-381. EPA’s scientific review led to
 7   its Draft Human Health Risk Assessment, which, after notice and comment, concluded that
 8   glyphosate was not likely to cause cancer.18 After considering thousands of public comments,
 9   EPA issued its “Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision,” reaffirming that its
10   “independent evaluation of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate . . . has determined that
11   glyphosate is ‘not likely to be carcinogenic to humans.’”19 EPA expressly rejected IARC’s cancer
12   conclusion, explaining that EPA’s “cancer evaluation is more robust than IARC’s evaluation,”
13   which “only considered a subset of the studies included in the EPA’s evaluation” and included
14   “some studies that were not appropriate for determining the human carcinogenic potential of
15   glyphosate.”20
16            After this extensive process, EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs sent an August 2019
17   letter to all glyphosate registrants reiterating that it “disagrees with IARC’s assessment of
18   glyphosate.”21 EPA noted that its cancer classification is “consistent with other international
19   expert panels and regulatory authorities,” including government regulators in Canada, Australia,
20
21
        16
22           Id.
        17
             Id.
23
        18
          See EPA, Glyphosate: Draft Human Health Risk Assessment in Support of Registration
24   Review, Case No. 0178 (Dec. 12, 2017), https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPP-
25   2009-0361-0068.
        19
          See EPA, Glyphosate: Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision, Case No. 0178, at
26   7 (Apr. 2019), https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0361-2344.
27      20
             Id.
        21
28        EPA, Letter to Glyphosate Registrants on California Proposition 65, at 1 (Aug. 7, 2019)
     (“EPA Letter”), https://tinyurl.com/53eb7685.
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 1   and New Zealand, as well as the European Food Safety Authority and European Chemicals
 2   Agency.22 See Durnell, 609 U.S. at 381-82. EPA notified registrants that glyphosate-based
 3   products that do bear a cancer warning would be “misbranded pursuant to” FIFRA.23
 4              In January 2020, following another comment period, EPA issued its interim registration
 5   review decision, reaffirming its longstanding conclusion that glyphosate does not cause cancer in
 6   humans.24 Even after that determination was vacated by the Ninth Circuit, see Nat. Res. Def.
 7   Council v. EPA, 38 F.4th 34, 52 (9th Cir. 2022), EPA continues to approve labels without
 8   requiring a cancer warning.25 Indeed, in subsequent proceedings, EPA has emphasized that its
 9   “scientific findings regarding glyphosate, including its longstanding finding that glyphosate is not
10   likely to be carcinogenic to humans” may still be used “as support for a future decision.”26 As
11   the Supreme Court summarized: “All told, in accordance with EPA’s view that glyphosate is not
12   likely to cause cancer in humans, EPA has not required glyphosate-based pesticides like Roundup
13   to include a cancer warning on their labels.” Durnell, 609 U.S. at 381.
14                                              ARGUMENT
15   I.         Plaintiffs’ Claims are Preempted to the Extent They Rely on a Failure-to-Warn
16              Legal Theory.
17              After extensive review of this regulatory framework and EPA’s application of it in
18   approving glyphosate-based pesticide labels, the Supreme Court confirmed in Durnell that
19   FIFRA’s Uniformity provision preempts “any state tort claim that would require a pesticide
20
21
          22
            See also, e.g., European Food Safety Authority, Glyphosate: no critical areas of concern;
22   data gaps identified (July 6, 2023) (European Chemicals Agency concluding that glyphosate “did
     not meet the scientific criteria to be classified as a carcinogenic, mutagenic or reprotoxic
23
     substance”), https://tinyurl.com/ywbkvdus; European Chemicals Agency, Glyphosate: no change
24   proposed to hazard classification (May 30, 2022) (“classifying glyphosate as a carcinogen is not
     justified”), https://tinyurl.com/yeywmrfz.
25        23
               EPA Letter 1.
26        24
           See EPA, Glyphosate: Interim Registration Review Decision, Case No. 0178, at 5 (Jan.
27   2020), https://tinyurl.com/2s9ht99v.
          25
28             See Chemical Name: Glyphosate, EPA, https://perma.cc/N8KY-7KJ5.
          26
               Supra, n.26.
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 1   manufacturer to use a label” other than “the EPA-approved label[.]” 609 U.S. at 390. The Court
 2   thus held that FIFRA expressly preempted a Missouri state common law “failure-to-warn” claim.
 3   This holding, however, broadly applies to “any state court claim” alleging that pesticide
 4   manufacturers should have affixed customer warnings to pesticide product labeling “that would
 5   impose labeling requirements ‘in addition to’ or ‘different from’ those required under FIFRA.”
 6   Id. at 386.
 7            Plaintiffs cannot repackage their failure-to-warn theories as different torts and expect a
 8   different result. It is the “heart of” the claim that matters, regardless of the tort theory espoused.
 9   Id. at 383. The Supreme Court previously applied this principle to FIFRA’s Uniformity provision
10   in Bates v. Dow Agrosciences LLC, 544 U.S. 431 (2005). There, the Court held that FIFRA
11   express preemption hinges on “an examination of the elements of the common-law duty at
12   issue[,]” and whether petitioners’ various claims were “premised on common law rules that
13   qualify as ‘requirements for labeling or packaging.’” Id. at 445-447. Thus, for instance, the Court
14   determined the state law fraud claims imposed requirements for pesticide labels, which “must
15   also be measured against any relevant EPA regulations that give content to FIFRA’s misbranding
16   standards” when determining whether or not a proposed requirement is “in addition to or different
17   from” those required by EPA. Id. at 453. Conversely, the Court indicated that “genuine” design
18   defect claims—wholly untethered from failure-to-warn allegations—do not constitute a labeling
19   “requirement” for purposes of § 136v(b). Id. at 445.27
20            Courts must thus look to a claim’s substance and not its form when applying FIFRA’s
21   Uniformity provision post-Durnell. Properly viewed in that light, the negligence, design defect
22   and breach of warranty counts included in the Plaintiffs’ complaints are little more than dressed-
23   up failure-to-warn claims challenging the content of the EPA-approved labeling. See Monsanto
24   Fla. Br. at 12-16, Dkt. 22524; Monsanto Oh. Br. at 7-8, Dkt. 22530; Monsanto N.C. Br. at 8-9,
25   Dkt. 22529; Monsanto Ga. Br. at 9, Dkt. 22523; Monsanto Miss. Br. at 7-8, Dkt. 22525. If decided
26   against Monsanto, these claims would require Monsanto to alter or amend EPA-approved
27
         27
28         Bates did not, however, address failure-to-warn claims such as those asserted by Plaintiffs,
     disguised as design defect claims or related torts.
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 1   disclosures provided in FIFRA labeling to provide a cancer warning that EPA, after extensive
 2   review of the science, has determined is unnecessary to protect human health. Because the claims
 3   would interfere with EPA’s expert labeling decisions, FIFRA expressly preempts each of these
 4   claims. Further litigation based on theories, however named, that the Plaintiffs have not been
 5   fairly warned of the cancer risks of glyphosate-based pesticides, would be futile.
 6          A.      Plaintiffs’ Negligence Claims Impose Labeling Requirements in Addition to
 7                  or Different From EPA’s and Are Therefore Preempted.
 8          Plaintiffs asserting negligence claims in a products liability action must demonstrate, at
 9   minimum, a duty and breach of that duty under Florida, Ohio, North Carolina, Mississippi, or
10   Georgia law. Marzullo v. Crosman Corp., 289 F. Supp. 2d 1337, 1342 (M.D. Fla. 2003);
11   Rheinfrank v. Abbott Lab’ys, Inc., 119 F. Supp. 3d 749, 761 (S.D. Ohio 2015), aff’d, 680 F. App’x
12   369 (6th Cir. 2017); Durkee v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 765 F. Supp. 2d 742, 758
13   (W.D.N.C. 2011); McSwain v. Sunrise Med., Inc., 689 F. Supp. 2d 835, 846 (S.D. Miss. 2010);
14   Wheeler v. Novartis Pharms. Corp., 944 F. Supp. 2d 1344, 1353 (S.D. Ga. 2013).
15          But as applied here, Plaintiffs’ negligence claims rest principally on a breach of a duty to
16   warn—the very same duty at issue in Durnell cloaked under the umbrella of general “negligence.”
17   Plaintiffs allege that Monsanto breached its duty to include a cancer warning on Roundup®’s label
18   and/or packaging. See, e.g., Monsanto Ga. Br. at 9, Dkt. 22523 (claims allege that Monsanto is
19   liable for “failing to adequately and correctly warn . . . of the dangers of Roundup” and for
20   “[f]ailing to provide adequate cautions and warnings to protect the health of [Roundup] users.”)
21   A lay jury imposing this duty on manufacturers would directly undermine EPA’s determination
22   as to the adequacy of a pesticide product’s labels and/or packaging in the same way that
23   Missouri’s duty-to-warn tort claim did in Durnell. For the same reason as explained by Durnell,
24   Plaintiffs’ negligence claims impose “requirements” that are different from or in addition to
25   EPA’s labeling requirements and are thus preempted by FIFRA’s Uniformity provision. 7 U.S.C.
26   § 136v(b).
27          B.      Plaintiffs’ Design Defect Claims Impose Labeling Requirements in Addition
28                  to or Different From EPA’s and Are Therefore Preempted.


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 1           Plaintiffs’ design defect claims similarly rest on their alleged lack of knowledge of
 2   Roundup®’s alleged dangerous characteristics. See, e.g., Monsanto Ga. Br. at 9, Dkt. 22523
 3   (alleging Roundup® is “defective to an extent beyond that which an ordinary consumer would
 4   anticipate, and Plaintiffs lacked “knowledge of Roundup’s dangerous characteristics”). Such
 5   claims are inextricably linked to the product’s EPA-mandated labeling. To establish these claims,
 6   Plaintiffs must either prove that the product failed to perform as safely as an ordinary consumer
 7   would expect pursuant to the consumer-expectations test, or, through a risk-utility analysis, that
 8   a reasonable, feasible alternative design would have reduced or avoided the relevant risk. Aubin
 9   v. Union Carbide Corp., 177 So. 3d 489, 504, 511 (Fla. 2015); Zang v. Cones, 34 N.E.3d 955,
10   961 (Ohio App. 2015); Sparks v. Oxy-Health LLC, 134 F. Supp. 3d 961, 987–88 (E.D.N.C. 2015);
11   Banks v. ICI Ams., Inc., 450 S.E.2d 671, 673–75 & n.6 (Ga. 1994); Elliott v. El Paso Corp., 181
12   So. 3d 263, 271–72 (Miss. 2015). Under either analysis, EPA’s approval of Roundup®’s labeling
13   is fatal to Plaintiffs’ claims.
14           Because consumer expectations regarding a scientifically complex product are informed
15   by its warnings, a consumer cannot expect that product to perform more safely than government-
16   mandated warnings indicate. Papike v. Tambrands Inc., 107 F.3d 737, 743 (9th Cir. 1997).
17   Liability based on consumer expectations that vary from what is plainly provided in the EPA label
18   (here, no cancer warning) would require a manufacturer to amend the label to provide a warning
19   that EPA has not required. Such liability would frustrate the uniformity explicitly protected and
20   promoted by FIFRA. See, e.g., Oken v. Monsanto Co., 218 F. Supp. 2d 1361 (S.D. Fla.2002)
21   (consumer expectations test necessarily involves consideration of warnings given to the public,
22   and thus, a design defect claim on this theory is preempted by FIFRA).
23           Similarly, the risk-utility test contemplates that the jury will consider the adequacy of a
24   product's warnings in weighing the risks of a product against the product's benefits. This
25   consideration of a pesticide product's warnings under state law is precisely what is prohibited by
26   FIFRA. The risk-utility analysis considers feasibility, the availability of a safer effective
27   substitute, cost, and the alternative’s adverse effects. But when “unreasonable danger” rests on
28   consumers’ lack of knowledge of an alleged cancer risk, the theory necessarily seeks a warning


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 1   different from the EPA-approved label. Feasible alternatives must, to a reasonable probability,
 2   have prevented the harm without impairing the product’s utility, usefulness, practicality, or
 3   desirability. When plaintiffs instead allege that Roundup® “as labeled” was more dangerous than
 4   ordinary consumers would contemplate, the alleged product defect is the missing cancer warning.
 5          In all relevant states, Plaintiffs’ design defect claims would impose inconsistent or
 6   additional labeling requirements in violation of FIFRA’s Uniformity provision when, as here,
 7   their underlying theory rests on inadequate pesticide safety warnings. FIFRA expressly preempts
 8   such claims.
 9          C.      Plaintiffs’ Warranty Claims Impose Labeling Requirements In Addition to
10                  or Different From EPA’s and are Therefore Preempted.
11          Plaintiffs’ warranty claims are also tethered to Monsanto’s mandatory Roundup® labeling.
12   Express warranty claims based on EPA-required label statements are preempted because they
13   would impose liability for federally mandated labeling, while implied warranty claims are
14   preempted to the extent they require a warning or other risk statements different from the EPA-
15   approved labeling.
16          “Breach of express warranty claims are preempted to the extent they are based upon
17   inadequacies in labeling or packaging.” Jarman v. United Indus. Corp., 98 F. Supp. 2d 757, 765
18   (S.D. Miss. 2000) (applying Papas v. Upjohn Co., 985 F. 2d 516 (11th Cir. 1993)). Such claims
19   arising from voluntary statements generally are not. Id. But EPA requires pesticide registrants to
20   use the precise label approved in EPA’s review process—statements contained therein are not
21   “voluntarily undertaken.” Durnell, 609 U.S. at 378 (“after EPA has registered the pesticide and
22   approved the label, the manufacturer is required to use that label”).
23          Implied warranties arise by operation of state law and impose an agreement to be held
24   responsible for a product that is not fit for the use and purposes intended. Papas v. Upjohn Co.,
25   985 F.2d 516, 519-520 (11th Cir. 1993). Here, Plaintiffs allege that Monsanto failed to disclose a
26   risk of cancer associated with Roundup® use. See, e.g., Monsanto Ga. Br. at 9, Dkt. 22523. This
27   claim implies that the labeling and packaging failed to warn the user and necessarily questions
28   the adequacy of Roundup®’s label. Papas, 985 F.2d at 520 (“to the extent the implied warranty


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 1   claim depends upon inadequacies in labelling or packaging, FIFRA section 136v preempts the
 2   claim”).
 3            Plaintiffs’ warranty claims would impose labeling requirements that are inconsistent with
 4   the EPA-approved Roundup label, and they are therefore preempted. See also, Lowe v. Sporicidin
 5   Int'l, 47 F.3d 124, 130 (4th Cir. 1995) (applying Papas, 985 F.2d 516); Jenkins v. James B. Day
 6   & Co., 69 Ohio St.3d 541 (1994) (acknowledging the holding in Papas).
 7   II.      Durnell Applies to All FIFRA “Labeling,” Not Merely the Container “Label.”
 8            Post-Durnell, the MDL Plaintiffs have attempted to shift the focus of their claims from
 9   the Roundup® label to off-label statements such as advertisements “convey[ing] the false and
10   misleading message that Roundup was perfectly safe for use without any protective clothing or
11   concern about dermal exposure.” Pl.’s Opposition at 13, Dkt. 22682. However, FIFRA
12   preemption applies with equal force to certain materials accompanying the pesticide—not just the
13   label itself.
14            FIFRA explains that pesticide’s “label” is simply one form of the broader category of
15   “labeling” covered by the Uniformity provision. A pesticide “label” is “the written, printed, or
16   graphic matter on, or attached to, the pesticide or device or any of its containers or wrappers.” 7
17   U.S.C. § 136(p)(1). But a pesticide’s “labeling” is broader and encompasses not only “all labels”
18   but also all other written, printed, or graphic matter that accompanies the pesticide “at any time,”
19   as well as matter referenced on the label or in literature accompanying the pesticide, subject to
20   specified exceptions for certain official publications. 7 U.S.C. § 136(p)(2). Thus, labeling extends
21   well beyond the words printed on or attached to the container.
22            Pesticide labeling is central to EPA’s registration and registration-review processes. For
23   example, when a pesticide label refers to a procedural manual, that manual also constitutes
24   “labeling” that EPA must approve and that users must follow. EPA reviews pesticide labeling to
25   ensure that required health and safety warnings are adequate and that the labeling contains no
26   false or misleading statement concerning the pesticide or its ingredients. 7 U.S.C. §§
27   136(q)(1)(A), (G). Plaintiffs’ negligence, warranty, and design defect theories are therefore
28   preempted to the extent they seek to impose requirements to communicate a cancer warning


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 1   through written, printed, or graphic matter qualifying as FIFRA labeling. See, e.g., Monsanto Ga.
 2   Br. at 9, Dkt. 22523 (“Plaintiff Moreland … contends he may still advance a claim for ‘failure to
 3   warn (excluding label.”). Durnell, 609 U.S. at 389 (“FIFRA expressly directs EPA to register
 4   pesticides and ‘determin[e]’ that the pesticide’s ‘labeling’ complies with FIFRA’s many specific
 5   requirements.”).
 6             Plaintiffs likewise cannot evade FIFRA preemption by recasting their failure-to-warn
 7   theory as deceptive advertising claims. A state law duty to provide a cancer warning in pesticide
 8   advertising conflicts with FIFRA when it differs substantially from claims EPA-approved in the
 9   product’s registration and is made as part of the product’s distribution or sale (including offers
10   for sale). 7 U.S.C. § 136j(a)(1)(B); 40 C.F.R. § 168.22. Even where such advertising material is
11   not technically “labeling,” FIFRA still preempts claims that would require such advertising to
12   conflict with EPA’s label approval. FIFRA explicitly prohibits the distribution and sale of “any
13   registered pesticide if any claims made for it as a part of its distribution or sale substantially differ
14   from any claims made for it as a part of the statement required in connection with its registration.”
15   7 U.S.C. § 136j(a)(1)(B). Here, requiring a cancer warning in pesticide advertising would
16   substantially differ from the claims that EPA- approved in connection with Roundup®’s
17   registration.
18             State law cannot require what Section 136j(a)(1)(B) explicitly prohibits. See, e.g., Mut.
19   Pharm. Co. v. Bartlett, 570 U.S. 472, 480 (2013) (implied preemption where it is “impossible”
20   for defendant simultaneously “to comply with both state and federal requirements”); Papas v.
21   Upjohn Co., 985 F. 2d 516 (11th Cir. 1993) (“Because claims challenging the adequacy of
22   warnings on materials other than the label or package of a product necessarily imply that the
23   labeling and packaging failed to warn the user, we conclude that these claims are also pre-empted
24   by FIFRA.”) Thus, for instance, EPA has concluded that glyphosate-based products bearing the
25   California Proposition 65 cancer warning would be misbranded pursuant to FIFRA.28
26
27
28
         28
              See EPA Letter, supra, n. 23.
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 1          Accordingly, Plaintiffs cannot simply pivot to labeling or sale-related advertising as
 2   alternative vehicles for FIFRA’s regulatory framework.
 3   III.   To the Extent Plaintiffs Assert “Genuine” Design Defect Claims, They are
 4          Impliedly Preempted.
 5          A.      Plaintiffs’ Design Defect Claims are Preempted Because They Would
 6                  Effectively Require Manufacturers to Withdraw from the Pesticide Market.
 7          As already noted, the Supremacy Clause preempts state law where “compliance with both
 8   federal and state regulations is a physical impossibility[.]” Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy
 9   Res. Conservation & Dev. Comm’n, 461 U.S. 190, 204 (1983) (quoting Florida Lime & Avocado
10   Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132, 142-143 (1963)). Plaintiffs’ design defect claims seek to
11   impose a duty on Monsanto to unilaterally change the formulation for Roundup®. But this is not
12   permitted under FIFRA. For reasons similar to that applied to duty-to-warn claims in Durnell,
13   such design defect claims are preempted. Bartlett, 570 U.S. at 475-476 (2013). They would
14   effectively require manufacturers to pull their products from the market for complying with
15   EPA’s product formulation.
16          Pesticide products require EPA approval, which requires EPA to assess and approve not
17   only the product label but also its composition. The very same regulation that Durnell read to
18   mean that “federal law requires Monsanto to sell Roundup® with the label that EPA-approved[,]”
19   and without modification absent EPA approval, also requires EPA approval to change the
20   pesticide’s composition. See Durnell, 609 U.S. at 385; 40 C.F.R. § 152.44 (“[A]ny modification
21   in the composition, labeling, or packaging of a registered product must be submitted with an
22   application for amended registration.”) (emphasis added). Durnell itself makes it clear that
23   pesticide registrants cannot unilaterally alter their pesticide products’ formula without EPA
24   approval. See id. at 378 n.1 (“FIFRA prohibits selling a pesticide if its ‘composition’ differs from
25   the composition described at registration.”) (quoting 7 U.S.C. § 136j(a)(1)(C)). Thus, under
26   Durnell, just as federal law “require[s] a manufacturer to use the EPA-approved label and
27   prohibit[s] the manufacturer from unilaterally changing the label,” id. at 391, federal law requires
28   Monsanto to use the EPA-approved formulation and prohibits Monsanto from unilaterally


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 1   changing the formulation. The effect is the same—state law claims that would require a change
 2   to that EPA-approved formulation without EPA approval are preempted.
 3          EPA’s risk determinations for glyphosate-based products thus preempt state-tort liability
 4   based on allegations that such products were or are “unreasonably dangerous.” This assertion’s
 5   corollary—that Monsanto must simply stop selling these products—is equally flawed and
 6   “incompatible with” federal preemption jurisprudence, which recognizes that a company “is not
 7   required to cease acting altogether in order to avoid liability.” Bartlett, 570 U.S. at 488.
 8          B.      Plaintiffs’ Design Defect Claims are Impliedly Preempted Because They
 9                  Disrupt the Regulatory Scheme for Pesticides Envisioned by Congress.
10          In Durnell, the Court recognized the pervasiveness of EPA’s regulation of pesticide
11   products pursuant to FIFRA. Plaintiffs’ threadbare design defect allegations targeting
12   Roundup®’s formulation, as opposed to its labeling, are inconsistent with the structure and
13   purpose of this framework and, therefore, are impliedly preempted. A state law claim is impliedly
14   preempted where it “stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full
15   purposes and objectives of Congress.” Crosby v. Nat’l Foreign Trade Council, 530 U.S. 363, 373
16   (2000). Although the focus of Durnell was express preemption, the Court’s discussion of FIFRA
17   and the logic of its opinion also compels the conclusion that Plaintiffs’ design defect claims are
18   an “obstacle” to Congress’s purposes in enacting FIFRA and delegating exclusive authority over
19   pesticide registration to the EPA.
20          The Supreme Court in Durnell recognized that Congress created a “carefully calibrated
21   and EPA-centric regulatory scheme” when it enacted FIFRA and acknowledged EPA’s broad
22   authority “to monitor a pesticide’s continued safety and order appropriate changes such as a new
23   label[.]” 609 U.S. at 380. See also, id. at 386 (“[W]hen it comes to safety claims, EPA’s
24   registration determinations do reflect EPA’s considered judgment that a pesticide’s label is not
25   false or misleading and contains all necessary warnings.”) The Court commented that state tort
26   law claims attacking EPA-approved labels improperly “upend FIFRA’s carefully calibrated and
27   EPA-centric regulatory scheme[,]” which grants the EPA powers to police pesticide safety, such
28   as removing a product from the market through “registration cancellation ... proceedings[,]” the


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 1   right to seek “civil or criminal penalties if a manufacturer fail[s] to inform EPA of important new
 2   safety-related information[,]” and other carefully crafted statutory remedies. Id. at 391.
 3           State tort law claims seeking to modify a registered pesticide’s formulation undermines
 4   EPA’s determination that the pesticide does not cause cancer or otherwise pose unreasonable risks
 5   to man or the environment. The Supreme Court has held that when a federal agency has approved
 6   a product’s design as safe when used according to label instructions, as is the case here, design
 7   defect claims are impliedly preempted. See Geier v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 529 U.S. 861 (2000)
 8   (federal regulation which permitted, but did not require, airbags to be installed in passenger
 9   vehicles preempted claims that a car was defective because it lacked an airbag). While the
10   Supreme Court has begun to back away from finding implied obstacle preemption, this doctrine
11   still applies where a “significant objective” of the regulatory scheme is frustrated. Williamson v.
12   Mazda Motor of Am., Inc., 562 U.S. 323, 326 (2011). Post-Durnell, “EPA’s comprehensive and
13   exclusive authority in registering pesticides and approving labels” is abundantly clear, and cannot
14   be derailed.
15           Any claims targeting the composition of glyphosate-based products are at direct odds with
16   EPA’s decision to grant Monsanto a registration for Roundup®. Those claims also undermine
17   FIFRA’s specified enforcement mechanisms and avenues for removing pesticides from the
18   market.29 Plaintiffs purported design defect claims would foreclose what the EPA has authorized,
19   and they are therefore preempted by FIFRA.
20                                            CONCLUSION
21           For all of these reasons, Plaintiffs’ disguised and repackaged state law claims are
22   preempted for the same reason the failure-to-warn claims were preempted in Durnell and because
23
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26      29
            FIFRA provides for an administrative proceeding involving a cancellation hearing where
27   the proponent can present its case for cancellations. See, e.g., 7 U.S.C. § 136d(b). Alternatively,
     FIFRA also allows state legislation to “regulate the sale or use of any federally registered
28   pesticide,” 7 U.S.C. § 136v(a), including by prospectively “ban[ning]a pesticide within its
     borders[.]” Durnell, 609 U.S. at 380, n.2.
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 1   those claims would also be preempted under conflict and obstacle preemption. Summary
 2   judgment should be granted on those state law claims to Monsanto.
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 4   Dated: October 30, 2026                    Respectfully submitted,
 5                                              By: s/ Melanie Ayerh
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                                                Melanie Ayerh, Esq.
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                                                Counsel for Amicus Curiae CropLife America
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