TL;DR · 30-second read

The Short Version

Google and Amazon are paying to get more electricity out of nuclear plants that are already running, rather than waiting for new ones, to feed the computers behind artificial intelligence.

Google’s deal adds 890 megawatts, close to what one large reactor produces. Getting there takes upgrades at 11 different reactors, because each one can only be pushed about a fifth harder at most.

The extra power arrives from 2028 into the 2030s. It flows into the shared regional grid, not straight into the companies’ computer buildings.

Data Center Frontier reported that Google and Amazon have signed long-term agreements with Constellation Energy that support about 1,080 MW of additional generating capacity from existing nuclear reactors. Under an October 6 deal, Google signed a 20-year power purchase agreement covering 890 MW of new capacity from more than $4.3 billion in upgrades at 11 operating reactor units in Illinois, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with first deliveries expected in 2028. Google also signed a separate 15-year agreement for 2,700 MW of existing output. Amazon’s September 30 agreement covers 690 MW from Maryland’s Calvert Cliffs, including about 190 MW of new capacity due between 2030 and 2032 and backed by more than $3 billion in upgrades.

The deals follow Meta’s January 2026 agreements with Vistra, which cover 2,609 MW, including 433 MW of planned uprates at Perry and Davis-Besse in Ohio and Beaver Valley in Pennsylvania. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission expects 31 uprate applications through 2032, totaling about 2,421 MW of potential added capacity.

Executive Summary

Hyperscalers, the largest cloud and AI operators, are moving beyond buying the output of existing nuclear plants. They are now paying to increase that output through power uprates. An uprate is a regulator-approved increase in the power level at which a licensed reactor may run. Combined, the Google and Amazon agreements with Constellation underpin more than $7 billion in planned investment. The new capacity they add to the grid runs from 2028 into the early 2030s.

The approach has clear advantages. These plants already hold licenses, grid connections and experienced workforces, so the companies avoid much of the permitting and construction burden of building new reactors. It also has a structural ceiling. Uprates are bounded by the reactor and equipment already on site, typically from under 2% up to about 20% of a plant’s output. Volume therefore has to be assembled across many reactors, and owners with large operating fleets are best placed to supply it.

The deals also expose a separate problem. New generation entering the PJM regional grid does not guarantee power at a specific data center. FERC’s October 9 rejection of key elements of PJM’s large-load framework sharpened that gap between financing megawatts and delivering them to a site.

Why 890 Megawatts Takes 11 Reactors

The arithmetic of Google’s deal shows how this market works. Constellation is upgrading 11 operating units to deliver 890 MW of new capacity. Spread evenly, that is about 81 MW per unit. The companies have not given a per-unit split, but the national figures follow the same pattern. The NRC’s 31 anticipated uprate applications total about 2,421 MW, an average of roughly 78 MW each. These additions are meaningful, but they come in increments of tens of megawatts, not gigawatts.

The ceiling comes from the engineering. The NRC recognizes three uprate classes:

• Measurement uncertainty recapture: generally under 2%, achieved through more precise instrumentation such as feedwater flow measurement.
• Stretch uprates: about 2% to 7%, drawing on margins already designed into the plant.
• Extended power uprates: sometimes up to 20%, but requiring work on turbines, condensate pumps, generators, transformers and other systems.

Amazon’s 190 MW at Calvert Cliffs is about 10.6% above the plant’s current 1,790 MW, which puts it beyond stretch territory and well into extended-uprate work. Even at the top of that range, a single plant contributes a bounded slice of its existing output.

As a result, a buyer seeking hundreds of megawatts of new nuclear output has to aggregate across many reactors. Google did that within Constellation’s fleet. Meta did it across three Vistra plants: 213 MW at Perry, 80 MW at Davis-Besse and 140 MW at Beaver Valley. The suppliers with an advantage are owners of many operating units. For the hyperscaler, the practical limit on any one deal is the number of uprate-ready reactors a single counterparty can bring to the table.

Headline Dollars Bundle Preservation With Growth

Every one of these agreements pairs a modest block of new capacity with a much larger purchase of existing output. Google’s 890 MW of new capacity sits alongside a separate 15-year deal for 2,700 MW of existing generation. Amazon’s 690 MW at Calvert Cliffs includes only about 190 MW of new capacity. Meta’s 2,609 MW with Vistra includes 433 MW of uprates and 2,176 MW of existing generation.

The contracts also support plant life extensions. Amazon’s commitment gives Constellation revenue certainty to seek another 20 years of operation at Calvert Cliffs, whose two reactor licenses expire in 2034 and 2036. Meta’s agreements support Vistra’s plans to seek 20-year license extensions at all three of its plants. Part of what these hyperscalers are financing, then, is keeping existing carbon-free generation online.

This matters when reading the investment figures. Dividing Amazon’s more than $3 billion by 190 MW produces a cost per new megawatt far above Google’s more than $4.3 billion for 890 MW. The comparison is not like-for-like, because neither company has said how much of its spend goes to new output versus modernization and life extension. Investors and analysts should treat the dollar totals as program budgets, not as a price for incremental capacity.

Generation Gets Financed; Delivery Remains Unsolved

None of this power is dedicated to a specific campus. Amazon’s Calvert Cliffs agreement replaced a proposed on-site data center that was withdrawn amid local opposition. All of the plant’s output will continue to flow into PJM, the 13-state grid and wholesale market, and Amazon also signed a related retail supply agreement across that territory. Meta has linked its Prometheus AI supercluster in New Albany, Ohio to its nuclear procurement, but the Vistra plants have no dedicated transmission to the campus.

This grid-supply model avoids the regulatory and community friction that has surrounded co-locating data centers at nuclear plants. In exchange, it leaves the hardest local question open: whether transmission and distribution can carry the power to where the servers are. FERC’s October 9 rejection of key elements of PJM’s large-load framework is a reminder that the rules for connecting very large loads are still unsettled.

Timelines add a further constraint. Large uprates have to be coordinated with scheduled refueling outages, equipment procurement and NRC safety review. Google’s first added output is expected in 2028. Amazon’s new capacity is due from 2030 to 2032, and Meta’s full 433 MW is not expected until the end of 2034. For developers short of power today, uprates are a source of supply in the next decade, not a near-term fix.

Background

Nuclear uprates are an established practice. According to the NRC, uprates approved over the past 20 years have added about 6 GW of capacity to the U.S. grid, roughly the output of six large reactors. Reactors are licensed by thermal power, measured in megawatts thermal, so a formal uprate raises the licensed heat output. Turbine-efficiency improvements, by contrast, can raise electrical output without changing the license.

As AI data center demand has grown, hyperscalers have signed long-term contracts for the output of existing nuclear plants, many of them in the PJM market that spans 13 states. The latest agreements extend that model. Instead of only buying the electricity existing plants already produce, Google, Amazon and Meta are now financing increases in that output.

Sources

Source: Big Tech’s Next Nuclear Bet: More Power From Reactors Already Running (Data Center Frontier) covers Google, Amazon and Meta agreements to finance power uprates at operating U.S. nuclear plants.